Learn how to get more out of your day

Prof-test

Doping? Read more!

Spoiled for choice

Power Sports

Intelligent power athletes reach the top with good 
supplements - not with steroids.

More and more amateur athletes seem to be using anabolic steroids - a worrying trend. It used to be mainly large bodybuilders and power-lifters that reached for the injection needle when they wanted a bit of extra muscle. Today it seems that teenager gym-goers are being taught the quick “needle fix” before they even have learnt to use the gym apparatus properly. 

Meanwhile professional athletes are leaving steroids behind them, and learning more and more about the targeted use of sports supplements. Both they and their coaches are beginning to understand how the triangle of diet, training and legal supplements can deliver results almost as amazing as those achieved with banned substances. 

Our team provides guidance to international soccer players, international swimmers, and a wide variety of Olympic level professional athletes who all regularly pass testing - and go on to win!

 

How do you improve your physical performance responsibly?

Every athlete can noticeably improve his or her performance by ensuring that the following four steps are followed:

  1. basic diet and nutrition - optimizing
  2. intensive training - numerical targeting
  3. rest periods - planning and valuing
  4. supplements - targeting additions to diet

Scientific research shows again-and-again that supplementation works, if you have previously worked through steps 1, 2 and 3.

1. basic diet and nutrition - optimizing

You are what you eat. Your athletics results are fully dependent on the quality of your diet. The more you understand and the better you plan, the better the results you will achieve with supplements. 

"With anabolic steroids a sprinter participating at world level can gain two paces during a 100 meter race – but he or she has to accept the extra risk of injuries and failing a doping test. A "clean" athlete can however still compete by managing the nutritional and training variable numerically, and using newly available legal sports supplements that help you get even healthier and fitter."
Sprint coach, world and/or European champions 100, 200 and 400 meter.

In simple terms, you obtain the following nutritional foodstuffs from your diet:

  • carbohydrates for energy;
  • protein for building muscles, cells, enzymes and genetic material;
  • fats and fatty acids for energy and for use in all cells, especially important for your immune system;
  • essential nutrients and micronutrients: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, trace minerals.

Scientific studies show that more than 98% of your body's cells are replaced every year. You will be next year, what you eat this year.

Scientific American, 1999

Simple Guide to Good Foodstuffs 

Carbohydrates 

Good
Food from grains: wholegrain bread, wholegrain pastas, wholegrain biscuits, com, 

Nutrient rich vegetables: brocolli, carrots, paprika, green beans, string beans, mushrooms, courgettes, beetroot, onions, cauliflower, spinach, tomatoes, watercress, lettuce, herbs, potatoes, celery , artichokes, asparagus, radishes, pumpkins, cabbage, okra. 

Nutrient rich fruits: avocados, mangos, apples, oranges, cherries, pears, strawberries, kiwis, bananas, lemons, grapefruits, pineapple, passion fruit, papaya, mandarins, berries, watermelon, plums, raspberries. (Dried fruits are excellent easy-to-carry snacks.) 

Sweeteners: fructose, honey, cane sugar, molasses, stevia. 

Bad 
Fruits containing high levels of simple sugars: grapes, melon. Food from grains: white (= processed) bread, white rice, white flour, white biscuits, etc. 

Sweeteners: glucose, sucrose, aspartame (phenylalanine ), xylitol, lactose, dextrose, icing sugar, sorbitol, mannitol, saccharin, cyclamate. 

Avoid ready-made meals containing processed grains, simple sugars and artificial sweeteners. 

Fats 

Good
Fish oils: salmon, herring, mackerel, sardines. Cold pressed nut and seed oils: (extra virgin) olive, sunflower, safflower, linseed, walnut. Use olive oil to cook. 

Bad 
Animal fats: beef, lamb, pork, and full fat dairy products. Cooking with most oils and fats ( especially animal fats) is not advisable.

One of the most common misconceptions is that fats are unnecessary. Nothing could be further from the truth. Fatty acids from fish and vegetable sources are crucial for the production of hormones and other substances crucial to the maintenance of your immune system.

2. intensive training - numerical targeting
Practice makes perfect. But only if you are clever enough to track the effects of the important variables and analyze properly how they influence your results. A stopwatch and notebook are as important for a sprinter as running shoes.

Training teaches your body to efficiently produce hormones, enzymes and turn energy-rich materials into heat and movement. The more you practice and place your body under stress, the more your body develops systems that are needed. Your body then works better and better. Systems you do not use, your body will not maintain. (Use it or lose it!)

Power athletes stimulate with training more production of testosterone and human growth hormone that together are responsible for stimulating new muscle growth. By testing your limits during training you also cause damage to muscle fibres that the body repairs by strengthening the fibres so that next time less damage occurs. Both lead to larger and stronger muscles if - and only if - the basic diet contains enough protein and/or amino acids to support this growth.

Professional athletes use numerical targeting to ensure that training stretches the body to the limit without overstretching which of course leads to unnecessary injuries. 

3. rest periods - planning and valuing
Not training is just as important as training to the limit. Physically doing little or nothing gives the body time to recover and repair. The more intensive you train, the more you need to plan your resting periods. 

Sufficient rest enables the body to repair muscle cells and fibres. Without rest the body loses muscle density and the structure weakens, causing the joints and cartilage to take unnecessary strain during competition. This leads of course to injury.

Sufficient rest also enables the body to repair and maintain cartilage within joints so that bones move with a joint smoothly and without pain. Without rest the cartilage becomes weaker, thinner and polluted causing pain and loss of power.

Professional international footballers are often a bad example being forced to play matches and/or train six days a week. Over an extended period of time this leads without exception to wear-and-tear injuries. During 1999 we noticed more top football clubs allowing their players not to train for 48 consecutive hours every one-two weeks. To do this many clubs expanded their squad from 18 to 24 or more players.

4. supplements - targeting additions to diet
"I eat healthily, so I don’t need supplements, do I?!"is the standard response from an athlete who has not taken the time to study their nutritional needs. The truth is that without supplements it is extremely hard to gain enough of all the right nutrients in your diet.

Just because a tomato is red doesn't mean it contains lots of vitamins and minerals. With the arrival of factory farming pretty fruit and vegetables are often the least nutritious.

"Intensive scientifically planned targeted training sessions are essential for improving the performances of top athletes. But the art of knowing when training sessions should be stopped or cancelled to allow rest and recovery is still more important."- Professional coach specialized in training injured athletes.

The functions of food supplements are:

  • to provide low levels of basic nutrients (vitamins, minerals, amino acids, etc.) to ensure illnes caused by a poor diet is avoided;
  • to prevent the unnecessary 'catabolic' loss of muscle tissue;
  • to promote and speed recovery from sickness and training;
  • to promote 'anabolic' growth of muscle tissue.

By targeting additions to your diet measurable improvements in stamina, strength and speed are ALWAYS achieved.

"Footballers and athletes that get injured regularly have not learnt to listen to their bodies when they need rest, and have not found the right combination of basic diet, targeted training and supplements that their body requires. With expert help much of their minor injuries could most likely be avoided." 
Post-match football trainer

Fast Food
Fast Food
If you do not eat regularly, then you lose muscle tissue. When your body gets too little food to burn as fuel then it starts to burn or 'catabolise' unnecessary muscle tissue before it starts to burn stored fat. Many athletes eat reasonable amounts only once or twice a day and wonder why they cannot gain muscle mass. This is because what they could gain with working out, they lose again through having a bad diet. You cannot gain muscle with a low calorie-low protein diet! 

Too little fuel also means you will often feel tired and not have enough energy to achieve your promise in your chosen sport. 

Fast Food is a high calorie mixture of complex carbohydrates (maltodextrine, fructose, and dried apple juice) that provide the body with energy for longer periods so that you have enough energy to be and stay active.

Fast Food also makes it much easier for your body to gain weight. Firstly, by supplementing calorie-rich carbohydrates to your basic diet, but also because it contains two herbal extracts that cause you to feel hungry . 

 

Fast Food contains 10% of the very best whey protein so that your muscles also have enough amino acids to maintain muscle growth. 

Fast Food is natural, vegetarian and healthy for everyone. It contains no cheap protein such as milk protein or soy protein, no artificial sweeteners, no fillers, no synthetic colourings or flavourings, and no glucose or sucrose that reduce performance.

Fast Food can can be used as:

  • fuel for energy;
  • carbohydrates to gain weight;
  • a healthy in-between liquid snack; 
  • herbs to stimulate hunger;
  • protein to prevent muscle loss and aid muscle maintenance.

" A serious athlete shouldn 't even bother looking at RDAs. Although every athlete needs different amounts of extra vitamins and minerals, often we are talking about levels ten times those needed by people who spend their lives in front of the television." 
Sports Physician, US Olympic Team

Hard BodyHard Body
Your body obtains the building blocks (amino acids) of muscle fibres from good sources of protein. Without enough good protein your muscles cannot grow. Hard Body contains the very best available form of protein that is available. This is a bioactive whey protein concentrate that has almost all lactose fat removed. Whey protein is better than other proteins because:

  • it contains the right ratio of amino acids for the human body;
  • a high level of the amino acid glutamine that helps protects muscles and promote growth;
  • it contains high levels of absorbable vitamins and minerals that your body needs for muscle development;
  • it contains the right combinations of amino acids for easy absorption and use by the human body (known as a high 'biological value');
  • it contains extremely low levels of lactose (<3%) which means most people with a milk allergy can mix this protein with non-milk liquids.

Hard Body also contains enough complex carbohydrates to protect the protein and provide energy, as well as 1500 mg hydroxy-citric acid (HCA) per recommended daily dose.

Bodybuilding Aminos
Bodybuilding Aminos
While Hard Body provides whey protein in the form of shakes, Bodybuilding Aminos provides a quickly absorbable form of whey protein in tablet form that is easy to carry around and quickly absorbed. Bodybuilding Aminos are perfect for use after training sessions, ensuring that the work out you just did is converted into muscle repair and muscle growth. You can also use the tablets as an easy source of protein between meals to prevent' catabolic ' muscle loss. 

American Sports Nutrition does not use milk protein (casinate), soy protein or egg protein because whey protein is much better. Your body can use the form of whey protein chosen not just for muscle growth but also for strengthening your immune system.

American Sports Nutrition does not use milk protein(casinate), soy protein or egg protein becouse whey protein is much better. Your body can use the form of whey protein chosen not just for muscle growth but also for strengthening your immune system.

Muscle Developers
Spierbouwers
Some sports generate immense strain and stress on muscle fibres in certain muscle groups. A weightlifter needs every ounce of power from his back and shoulder muscles. A sprinter tests his upper thigh muscles to the limit. A pole vault needs his wrist, arm and shoulder muscles, etc., etc. These athletes can tear muscles extremely easily and need to develop the best possible muscle structure. By adding amino acids to your diet that have branched-structure, your muscle cells are able to build a better fiber structure which makes damage less likely to occur. This is only possible with a supplement. 

Muscle Developers contain 1000 mg branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) per tablet in the correct ratio for building human muscle tissue. Adding this supplement to your diet will ensure that your muscles both grow and become denser and stronger during a period of six months, thus reducing the chance of small muscle tears which can of course also lead to larger injuries.

"Only when you have made the effort to understand how diet and supplements have an effect on your body and help prevent injuries, does it make sense to start planning for a sport career. " 
Physiotherapist for professional athletes

Extra Strong HMBExtra Strong HMB
HMB ensures that amino acids stay longer in the bloodstream. This makes it easier and quicker for your muscles to absorb the amino acids necessary for repair and growth. This also reduces the amount of muscle loss due a shortage of amino acids. Research shows that with 3 grams of HMB per day that it is possible to gain 1.2 kilograms of dry muscle within 3 weeks. 

HMB is particularly suitable for power athletes that train with heavy weights, and in particular those who train with weights heavier than their own bodyweight. Extra Strong HMB should be used when you have already got used to training with Power Creatine and protein/amino acid supplements such as Hard Body and/or Bodybuilding Aminos.

Extra Strong HMB should be used when you have already got used to training with Power Creatine and protein/amino supplements such as Hard Body and/or Bodybuilding Aminos.

Anabolic AminosAnabolic Aminos
The word 'anabolic' is derived from the latin for "stimulating growth". This product does not contain anabolic steroids or any banned substance but high concentrations of two natural and safe amino acids called arginine and omithine. These amino acids stimulate the natural production of human growth hormone (HGH) when combined with a strict cyclical program of sleep, eating, training, supplementing and sleeping. Human growth hormone is made in the brain and stimulates directly other hormones that stimulate muscle growth. Anabolic Aminos also stimulate the production of 'insuline-like growth factor' (ILGF) that directly stimulates muscle growth when the body is resting. 

Anabolic Program 

7 am breakfast containing protein-rich foods 2 pm 2 tablets Anabolic Aminos
8 am 2 tablets Anabolic Aminos 3 pm heavy workout
9 am heavy workout 4 pm mid-afternoon snack with protein-rich foods
10 am mid-morning snack followed by nap 7 pm early evening light meal
12 pm lunch containing protein-rich foods 9 pm 2 tablets Anabolic Aminos and early to bed

TRIBEX®TRIBEX
From the age of 28 onwards your levels of the hormone testosterone begin to drop. Which means that your body's ability to grow muscle tissue and bum fat plummets. It also means your libido gets lower and lower. TRIBEX enables the body to produce pro-hormones easier and quicker, so that your levels of testosterone begin to rise back up again. If you workout then you will notice an increase in your ability to build muscle and burn fat, and your sex drive will return to that of someone in his early twenties. 

TRIBEX is a mixture of four highly-concentrated phyto-steroid extracts: Tribulus terrestris, pfaffia, ginseng and macuna. Zinc is added to ensure their effectiveness. The combination is carefully designed to work quickly and effectively. (TRIBEX is 4- 5 times stronger than normal tribulus products.)

Sports ChroomSports Chrome
One of the most important hormones in the body is insulin. This hormone controls the sugar concentration in the blood and its conversion into energy and/or fat. StabIe insulin levels also allow the body to produce more insulin-like growth factor that leads directly to muscle growth. 
You can stabilize your insulin levels by eating regularly every two hours (see Fast Food) and by supplementing with the mineral chrome which enables the insulin- complexes to function optimally and efficiently. 
The most cost-efficient form of chrome is proven by extensive research to be chrome picolinate. Sports physicians recommend 600mcg chrome picolinate per day for all active athletes. Athletes reliant on their stamina for their performance should give this supplement priority.

Power CreatinePower Creatine
Creatine is produced in very small quantities naturally by the body, and it is also present in small amounts in fresh meat. Muscle cells use creatine to help generate energy and make muscles to move. With more creatine in your muscles, y ou can lift more weight more often. By increasing the concentration of creatine in your diet considerably with a supplement, you can increase the amount of creatine in your muscle cells - which leads to getting stronger quickly! 
Creatine is in wide use amongst professional power athletes, and is largely responsible for the improvements in the world sprint records during the 1990s. Large numbers of gym-goers are also now using creatine to get fitter faster.

Power Creatine contains the very best available form of creatine monohydrate from the only manufacturer that is allowed to supply creatine for medical purposes. Power Creatine is permitted by the lOC and used by the very best athletes in the world.

Anabolic steroids vs. sports supplements
Something-for-nothing seems to be what anabolic steroids offer. Easy muscle growth, a great body, and you don't even need to train hard for it... but the effects in the longer term can be heart problems, prostate cancer, and extensive liver damage. The sudden deaths at a young age are regularly in the newspapers. (See "good reasons not to use anabolic steroids".) Natural food supplements for athletes offer a healthy alternative for anabolic steroids. The results can be staggeringly successful when combined with a targeted measured approach to your diet, training, rest periods and use of supplements. 

This means that you need to learn what a good diet is, you need to attack your workouts in a measured manner, you need to rest regularly and thoroughly, and need to take the time to read about and understand which supplements are right for you. 

Using supplements instead of steroids requires a little bit more brain power but your body will thank you for it in the long run. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact us: info@vitamins.nl 

Good reasons not to use anabolic steroids 
General side effects with using anabolic steroids: Greasy skin and acne (spots), reduced libido, greater chance of heart enlargement and arterial damage, liver damage both partial and critical, minor and major depressions, aggressive and/or paranoid behaviour, reduced sperm production, muscle damage, and a variety of growth problems. 

Specific problems for men: Prostate enlargement, difficulties with ejaculation and urinating, prostate cancer, "bitch tits", baldness, semi-permanent erections. 

Specific problems for women: Permanent deeper voice, loss of high voice tones, menstruation problems, enlargement of the clitoris, undesirable hair growth (beard, back, breast), etc. 

Anabolic steroids are sold under the follow brand names and chemical names:

Androstanolon (dihydrotestosteron), Androsteendiol, Androsteendion, Bolasteron, Boldenon, Calusteron, Clostebol, Danazol, Dehydrochloremethyltestosteron, Drostanolon (dromostanolon), Ethylestrenol, Fluoxymesteron, Formebolon, Gestrinon, Mesterolon, Metandiënon (methandrostenolon),Metenolon,Methandriol, Methyltestosteron, Miboleron, Nandrolon, 19-norandrosteendiol, 19-norandrosteendion, Norethandrolon, Oxabolon, Oxandrolon, Oxymesteron, Oxymetholon, Quinobolon, Prasteron (DHEA dehydroepiandrosteron), Stanozolol, Stenbolon, Testosteron (1), Trenbolon and related substances.

 

Scientific studies and references

C. Street, MS,CSCS (1999): How muscles grow. Muscle & Fitness, Jan. pp 103-106.

Evans G.W. (1993): Chromium picolinate is an efficacious and safe supplement. Int J Sport Nutr 3, 117-122.

Anderson R.A.(1986): Chromium metabolism and its role in disease processes in man. Clin Physiol Biochem4: 31.

Tipton I.H., Stewart P.L.(1970): Analytical methods for the determination of trace e-standard man studies. In: Hemphill D.D., ed. (1970): Trace Substances in Environmental Health. University of Missouri, Columbia MO: 305-330.

Preuss H.G., Jarrel S.T., Scheckenbach R., Lieberman S.,Anderson R.A. (1998): Comparative effects of chromium, vanadium and gymnema sylvestre on sugar-induced blood pressure elevations in SHR. J Am Coll Nutr,17 (2): 116-23 1998 Apr.

Press R.I., Geller J., Evans G.W.: (1990) The effect of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipo-protein fractions in human subjects. Western J Med 152:41-45.

Hasten D.L., et al. (1992): Effects of Chromium Picolinate on Beginning Weight Training Students. Int J Sports Nutr.

Page T.G.,Ward T.L., Southern L.L. (1991): Effect of chromium picolinate on growth and carcass characteristic of growing-finishing pigs. J Animal Science 69:403.

Mertz, M. (1969): Chromium occurrence and function in biological systems. Phyiol. Rev., 49, pp. 163-237, cited in Murray, N.D., Michael T. and Pizzorno, N.D., Joseph, Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine (Rocklin, California: 1991, Prima Publishing), pagina 271.

Effect of Hydroxycitrate upon the Accumulation of Lipid in the Rat: I. Lipogenesis, Lipids 9: 121-128, 1973 Ann C. Sullivan, Joseph Triscari, James G. Hamilton, O. Neal Miller (1973): Effect of Hydroxycitrate upon the Accumulation of Lipid in the Rat: II. Appetite, Lipids 9:129-34.

John M. Lowenstein et al. (1971): Effect of Hydroxycitrate on Fatty Acid Synthesis by Rat Liver in Vivo, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 346, No. 3, issue of February 10, pp 629-632.

Ann C. Sullivan and Joseph Triscari (1977): Metabolic regulation as a control for lipid disorders.I.Influence of hydroxycitrate on experimentally induced obesity in the Rodent, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 30: May, pp.767-776.

A.C. Sullivan, J. Triscari (1977): Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of obesity, Recent Advances in Obesity research: II, p.442-451, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc. Westport.

Schauss, Alexander (1981): Diet, Crime and Delinquency, Parker House, Berkeley.

Davis, Adelle (1961): Let's Eat Right to Keep Fit, George Allen and Unwin, Londen.

Williams, Roger (1979): Nutrition against Disease, Bantam Books, New Horizons, Chicago.

Pearson, D. en Shaw, S.(1984): Life Extension, Warner Books.

Dr. Leon Chaitow, Aminozuren voor Genezing en Gezondheid, Servire Uitgevers B.V., Katwijk aan Zee.

Dr. Michael Colgan (1993): Optimum Sports Nutrition, Advanced Research Press, New York.

Dr. Apr. Paul Nijs (1994): 101 vragen & antwoorden over Sport & Natuurlijke Doping, Uitgeverij BETA-PLUS, België.

Melvin R.Werbach, M.D., Nutritional Influences on Illness. Keats Publishing, Inc., Connecticut.

James F. Balch, M.D., Phyllis A. Balch, C.N.C. (1997): Prescription for Nutritional Healing, Avery publishing Group, New York.

Michael T. Murray, N.D. (1996): Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements, Prima Publishing.

Paul Bergner (1991): The Healing Power of Minerals, Special Nutrients, and Trace Elements, Prima Publishing.

Earl Mindel (1991): Vitamin Bible, Warner Books, New York.

Colgan, Ph. D., Michael (1995): The new Nutrition: Medicine for the New Millenium (Vancouver, Apple Publ.)

Bill Philips (1996): Sports Supplement Review 3rd issue, Mile High Publishing, Golden, CO. Lemon P.W.R. (1998): Effects of exercise on dietary protein requirements. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 8, 426-47.

Kreider R.B., Miriel V., Bertun E. (1993): Amino acid supplementation and exercise performance: proposed ergogenic value, Sports Medicine 16, 190-209.

Kreider R.B. (1999): Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance training. Sports Medicine 27, 97-110.

Carraro, F., et al. (1994): Alanine kinetics in humans during low-intensity exercise, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,26: 48.

Rennie, M.J., et al. (1994): Physical activity and protein metabolism. Physical Activity, Fitness and Health. Edited by C. Bouchard, et al., Champaign, Human Kinetics.

Tarnopolosky, M.A., et al. (1990): Effects of bodybuilding exercise on protein requirements. Can. J. Sports Sci., 15: 225.

Butterfield-Hodgen, G., and Calloway, D.H. (1977): Protein utilization in men under two conditions of energy balance and work. Fed. Proc., 39: 377.

Durnin, J.V.G.A. (1978): Protein requirements and physical activity. Nutrition, Physical Fitness and Health. Edited by J. Parizkova and V.A. Rogozkin. Baltimore, MD, University Park Press.

Hickson, J.F. et al. (1990) Repeated days of body building exercise do not enhance urinary nitrogen excretions from untrained young males. Nutr. Res., 10: 723.

Harlambie, G., and Sensor, L. (1980): Metabolic Changes in man during long-distance swimming. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 43: 115.

Refsum, H.E., et al. (1979): Changes in plasma amino acid distribution and urinary amino acid excretion during prolonged heavy exercise. Scand. J. Clin. Invest., 39: 407.

Tarnopolosky, M.A., et al. (1988): Influence of protein intake and training status on nitrogen balance and lean body mass. J. Appl. Physiol., 64: 187.

Chandler R.M., Byrne H.K., Patterson J.G. et al. (1994): Dietary supplements affect the anabolic hormones after weight-training exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 839-45.

 

Carli G., Bonifazi M., Lodi L. et al. (1992): Changes in exercise-induced hormone response to branched chain amino acid administration. European Journal of Applied Physiology 64, 272-7.

Zawadzki K.M.,Yaspelkis B.B., Ivy J.L. (1992): Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 72, 1854-9.

Tarnopolsky M.A., Bosman M., Macdonald J.R. et al. (1997): Postexercise protein-carbohydrate and carbo-hydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology 83, 1877-83.

Roy B.D., Tarnopolsky M.A. (1998): Influence of differing macronutrient intakes on muscle glycogen resynthesis after resistance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 84, 890-96.

Roy B.D., Tarnopolsky M.A., MacDougall J.D. et al. (1997): Effect of glucose supplementation timing on protein metabolism after resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology 82, 1882-88.

Carli G., Bonifazi M., Lodi L. et al. (1992): Changes in exercise-induced hormone response to branched chain amino acid administration. European Journal of Applied Physiology 64, 272-7.

Chandler R.M., Byrne H.K., Patterson J.G. et al. (1994): Dietary supplements affect the anabolic hormones after weight-training exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 839-45.

Rennie M.J., Tadros L., Khogali S., et al. (1994): Glutamine transport and its metabolic effects, J Nutr 124: 1503S-8S.

Rennie M.J. (1996 ): Glutamine metabolism and transport in skeletal muscle and heart and their clinical relevance. J Nutr 126:1142S-9S.

Kingsbury K.J., Kay L., Hjelm M. (1998): Contrasting plasma free amino acid patterns in elite athletes: association with fatigue and infection, Br J Sports Med Mar 32: 1 25-32; discussion 32-3

Blomstrand E., Celsing F., Newshome E.A. (1988): Changes in plasma concentrations of aromatic and branch-chain amino acids during sustained exercise in man and their possible role in fatigue. Acta PhysiologicaScandinavica 133, 115-21, 1988.

Bloomstrand E., Hassmen P., Ekblom B. et al. (1991): Administration of branch-chain amino acids during sustained exercise - effects on performance and on plasma concentration of some amino acids. European Journal of Applied Physiology 63, 83-8.

Bloomstrand E., Hassmen P., Newsholme E. (1991): Effect of branch-chain amino acid supplementation on mental performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 143, 225-6.

Coombes J., McNaughton L. (1995): The effects of branched chain amino acid supplementation on indicators of muscle damage after prolonged strenuous exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27, S149 (abstract).

Davis J.M. (1995): Carbohydrates, branched-chain amino acids, and endurance, The central fatigue hypothesis. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 5, S29-38.

Davis J.M., Baily S.P., Woods J.A. et al. (1992): Effects of carbohydrate feedings on plasma free tryptophan and branched-chain amino acids during prolonged cycling, European Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 513-19.

Gastmann U.A., Lehmann M.J. (1998): Overtraining and the BCAA hypothesis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, 1173-8.

Hefler S.K., Wildman L., Gaesser G.A. et al. (1993): Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation improves endurance performance in competitive cyclists, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 25, S24 (abstract).

Kreider R.B. (1998): Central fatigue hypothesis and overtraining. In Kreider R.B., Fry A.C., O'Toole M. (editors), Overtraining in Sports (pages 309-31). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.

Newsholme E.A., Parry-Billings M., McAndrew M. et al. (1991): Biochemical mechanism to explain some characteristics of overtraining. In Brouns F. (editor): Medical Sports Science, Vol. 32, Advances in Nutrition and Top Sport (pages 79-93). Basel, Germany: Karger.

Wagenmakers A.J. (1998): Muscle amino acid metabolism at rest and during exercise: role in human physiology and metabolism. In Holloszy J.O. (editor): Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews (pages 287-314). Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins.

B. Phillips (1997): Sports Supplement Review, 3rd Issue, Mile High Publishing, CO.

R. Sahelian, M.D., Dave Tuttle (1997): Creatine, Nature's Muscle Builder, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, N.Y.

Het witte goud? Een handleiding voor creatine-suppletie ter verbetering van sportprestaties, AdPhys, onderzoek & Advies voor Sport & Beweging, in opdracht van: NOC*NSF, 1996

P.D. Balsom, et al. (1995): Skeletal Muscle Metabolism During Short-Duration High-Intensity Exercise: Influence of Creatine Supplementation. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 154.3: 303-310.

A. Casey, et al. (1996): Creatine Supplementation Favourably Affects Performance and Muscle Metabolism During Maximal Intensity exercise in Humans. Am. J. Physiol. 271.

C. P. Earnest, et al. (1995): The Effect of Creatine Monohydrate Ingestion on Anaerobic Power Indices, Muscular Strength, and Body Composition. Acta Physiol. Scand. 153: 207-209.

P.L. Greenhaff, et al. (1993): The Influence of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Muscle Phosphocreatine Resynthesis Following Intense Contraction in Man. J. Physiol. 467: 75P.

P.L. Greenhaff, et al. (1993): Influence of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Muscle Torque During Repeated Bouts of Maximal Voluntary Exercise in Man. Clin. Sci. 84: 565-571.

R.B. Kreider, et al. (1996): Effects of ingesting Supplements Designed to Promote Lean Tissue Accretion on Body Composition During Resistance Training. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 6.3: 234-246.

J.R. Stout, et al. (1997): The effects of a Supplement Designed to Augment Creatine Uptake on Anaerobic Reserve Capacity (NSCA National Conference Abstract).

Bucci L., Hickson J.F., Pivarnik J.M. et al. (1990): Ornithine ingestion and growth hormone release in body-builders, Nutrition Research 10, 239-45.

Carlson H.E., Miglietta J.T., Roginsky M.S. et al. (1989): Stimulation of pituitary hormone secretion by neuro-transmitter amino acids in humans, Metabolism 28, 1179-82.

Isidori A., Lo Monaco A., Cappa M. (1981): A study of growth hormone release in man after oral administration of amino acids, Current Medical Research Opinion 74, 75-81.

Visser J.J., Hoekman K. (1994): Arginine supplementation in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, Med Hypotheses Nov 43: 5 339-42.