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Bodybuilding Scientific References

Scientific studies and references

 

C. Street, MS, CSCS (1999): How muscles grow. Muscle & Fitness, Jan. pp 103-106.

Evans G.W. (1993): Chromium picolinate is an efficacious and safe supplement. Int J Sport Nutr 3, 117-122.

Anderson R.A.(1986): Chromium metabolism and its role in disease processes in man. Clin Physiol Biochem4: 31.

Tipton I.H., Stewart P.L.(1970): Analytical methods for the determination of trace e-standard man studies. In: Hemphill D.D., ed. (1970): Trace Substances in Environmental Health. University of Missouri, Columbia MO: 305-330.

Preuss H.G., Jarrel S.T., Scheckenbach R., Lieberman S.,Anderson R.A. (1998): Comparative effects of chromium, vanadium and gymnema sylvestre on sugar-induced blood pressure elevations in SHR. J Am Coll Nutr,17 (2): 116-23 1998 Apr.

Press R.I., Geller J., Evans G.W.: (1990) The effect of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipo-protein fractions in human subjects. Western J Med 152:41-45.

Hasten D.L., et al. (1992): Effects of Chromium Picolinate on Beginning Weight Training Students. Int J Sports Nutr.

Page T.G.,Ward T.L., Southern L.L. (1991): Effect of chromium picolinate on growth and carcass characteristic of growing-finishing pigs. J Animal Science 69:403.

Mertz, M. (1969): Chromium occurrence and function in biological systems. Phyiol. Rev., 49, pp. 163-237, cited in Murray, N.D., Michael T. and Pizzorno, N.D., Joseph, Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine (Rocklin, California: 1991, Prima Publishing), pagina 271.

Effect of Hydroxycitrate upon the Accumulation of Lipid in the Rat: I. Lipogenesis, Lipids 9: 121-128, 1973 Ann C. Sullivan, Joseph Triscari, James G. Hamilton, O. Neal Miller (1973): Effect of Hydroxycitrate upon the Accumulation of Lipid in the Rat: II. Appetite, Lipids 9:129-34.

John M. Lowenstein et al. (1971): Effect of Hydroxycitrate on Fatty Acid Synthesis by Rat Liver in Vivo, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 346, No. 3, issue of February 10, pp 629-632.

Ann C. Sullivan and Joseph Triscari (1977): Metabolic regulation as a control for lipid disorders.I.Influence of hydroxycitrate on experimentally induced obesity in the Rodent, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 30: May, pp.767-776.

A.C. Sullivan, J. Triscari (1977): Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of obesity, Recent Advances in Obesity research: II, p.442-451, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc. Westport.

Schauss, Alexander (1981): Diet, Crime and Delinquency, Parker House, Berkeley.

Davis, Adelle (1961): Let's Eat Right to Keep Fit, George Allen and Unwin, Londen.

Williams, Roger (1979): Nutrition against Disease, Bantam Books, New Horizons, Chicago.

Pearson, D. en Shaw, S.(1984): Life Extension, Warner Books.

Dr. Leon Chaitow, Aminozuren voor Genezing en Gezondheid, Servire Uitgevers B.V., Katwijk aan Zee.

Dr. Michael Colgan (1993): Optimum Sports Nutrition, Advanced Research Press, New York.

Dr. Apr. Paul Nijs (1994): 101 vragen & antwoorden over Sport & Natuurlijke Doping, Uitgeverij BETA-PLUS, België.

Melvin R.Werbach, M.D., Nutritional Influences on Illness. Keats Publishing, Inc., Connecticut.

James F. Balch, M.D., Phyllis A. Balch, C.N.C. (1997): Prescription for Nutritional Healing, Avery publishing Group, New York.

Michael T. Murray, N.D. (1996): Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements, Prima Publishing.

Paul Bergner (1991): The Healing Power of Minerals, Special Nutrients, and Trace Elements, Prima Publishing.

Earl Mindel (1991): Vitamin Bible, Warner Books, New York.

Colgan, Ph. D., Michael (1995): The new Nutrition: Medicine for the New Millenium (Vancouver, Apple Publ.)

Bill Philips (1996): Sports Supplement Review 3rd issue, Mile High Publishing, Golden, CO. Lemon P.W.R. (1998): Effects of exercise on dietary protein requirements. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 8, 426-47.

Kreider R.B., Miriel V., Bertun E. (1993): Amino acid supplementation and exercise performance: proposed ergogenic value, Sports Medicine 16, 190-209.

Kreider R.B. (1999): Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance training. Sports Medicine 27, 97-110.

Carraro, F., et al. (1994): Alanine kinetics in humans during low-intensity exercise, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,26: 48.

Rennie, M.J., et al. (1994): Physical activity and protein metabolism. Physical Activity, Fitness and Health. Edited by C. Bouchard, et al., Champaign, Human Kinetics.

Tarnopolosky, M.A., et al. (1990): Effects of bodybuilding exercise on protein requirements. Can. J. Sports Sci., 15: 225.

Butterfield-Hodgen, G., and Calloway, D.H. (1977): Protein utilization in men under two conditions of energy balance and work. Fed. Proc., 39: 377.

Durnin, J.V.G.A. (1978): Protein requirements and physical activity. Nutrition, Physical Fitness and Health. Edited by J. Parizkova and V.A. Rogozkin. Baltimore, MD, University Park Press.

Hickson, J.F. et al. (1990) Repeated days of body building exercise do not enhance urinary nitrogen excretions from untrained young males. Nutr. Res., 10: 723.

Harlambie, G., and Sensor, L. (1980): Metabolic Changes in man during long-distance swimming. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 43: 115.

Refsum, H.E., et al. (1979): Changes in plasma amino acid distribution and urinary amino acid excretion during prolonged heavy exercise. Scand. J. Clin. Invest., 39: 407.

Tarnopolosky, M.A., et al. (1988): Influence of protein intake and training status on nitrogen balance and lean body mass. J. Appl. Physiol., 64: 187.

Chandler R.M., Byrne H.K., Patterson J.G. et al. (1994): Dietary supplements affect the anabolic hormones after weight-training exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 839-45.

 

Carli G., Bonifazi M., Lodi L. et al. (1992): Changes in exercise-induced hormone response to branched chain amino acid administration. European Journal of Applied Physiology 64, 272-7.

Zawadzki K.M.,Yaspelkis B.B., Ivy J.L. (1992): Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 72, 1854-9.

Tarnopolsky M.A., Bosman M., Macdonald J.R. et al. (1997): Postexercise protein-carbohydrate and carbo-hydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology 83, 1877-83.

Roy B.D., Tarnopolsky M.A. (1998): Influence of differing macronutrient intakes on muscle glycogen resynthesis after resistance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 84, 890-96.

Roy B.D., Tarnopolsky M.A., MacDougall J.D. et al. (1997): Effect of glucose supplementation timing on protein metabolism after resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology 82, 1882-88.

Carli G., Bonifazi M., Lodi L. et al. (1992): Changes in exercise-induced hormone response to branched chain amino acid administration. European Journal of Applied Physiology 64, 272-7.

Chandler R.M., Byrne H.K., Patterson J.G. et al. (1994): Dietary supplements affect the anabolic hormones after weight-training exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 76, 839-45.

Rennie M.J., Tadros L., Khogali S., et al. (1994): Glutamine transport and its metabolic effects, J Nutr 124: 1503S-8S.

Rennie M.J. (1996 ): Glutamine metabolism and transport in skeletal muscle and heart and their clinical relevance. J Nutr 126:1142S-9S.

Kingsbury K.J., Kay L., Hjelm M. (1998): Contrasting plasma free amino acid patterns in elite athletes: association with fatigue and infection, Br J Sports Med Mar 32: 1 25-32; discussion 32-3

Blomstrand E., Celsing F., Newshome E.A. (1988): Changes in plasma concentrations of aromatic and branch-chain amino acids during sustained exercise in man and their possible role in fatigue. Acta PhysiologicaScandinavica 133, 115-21, 1988.

Bloomstrand E., Hassmen P., Ekblom B. et al. (1991): Administration of branch-chain amino acids during sustained exercise - effects on performance and on plasma concentration of some amino acids. European Journal of Applied Physiology 63, 83-8.

Bloomstrand E., Hassmen P., Newsholme E. (1991): Effect of branch-chain amino acid supplementation on mental performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 143, 225-6.

Coombes J., McNaughton L. (1995): The effects of branched chain amino acid supplementation on indicators of muscle damage after prolonged strenuous exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27, S149 (abstract).

Davis J.M. (1995): Carbohydrates, branched-chain amino acids, and endurance, The central fatigue hypothesis. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 5, S29-38.

Davis J.M., Baily S.P., Woods J.A. et al. (1992): Effects of carbohydrate feedings on plasma free tryptophan and branched-chain amino acids during prolonged cycling, European Journal of Applied Physiology 65, 513-19.

Gastmann U.A., Lehmann M.J. (1998): Overtraining and the BCAA hypothesis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, 1173-8.

Hefler S.K., Wildman L., Gaesser G.A. et al. (1993): Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation improves endurance performance in competitive cyclists, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 25, S24 (abstract).

Kreider R.B. (1998): Central fatigue hypothesis and overtraining. In Kreider R.B., Fry A.C., O'Toole M. (editors), Overtraining in Sports (pages 309-31). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.

Newsholme E.A., Parry-Billings M., McAndrew M. et al. (1991): Biochemical mechanism to explain some characteristics of overtraining. In Brouns F. (editor): Medical Sports Science, Vol. 32, Advances in Nutrition and Top Sport (pages 79-93). Basel, Germany: Karger.

Wagenmakers A.J. (1998): Muscle amino acid metabolism at rest and during exercise: role in human physiology and metabolism. In Holloszy J.O. (editor): Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews (pages 287-314). Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins.

B. Phillips (1997): Sports Supplement Review, 3rd Issue, Mile High Publishing, CO.

R. Sahelian, M.D., Dave Tuttle (1997): Creatine, Nature's Muscle Builder, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, N.Y.

Het witte goud? Een handleiding voor creatine-suppletie ter verbetering van sportprestaties, AdPhys, onderzoek & Advies voor Sport & Beweging, in opdracht van: NOC*NSF, 1996

P.D. Balsom, et al. (1995): Skeletal Muscle Metabolism During Short-Duration High-Intensity Exercise: Influence of Creatine Supplementation. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 154.3: 303-310.

A. Casey, et al. (1996): Creatine Supplementation Favourably Affects Performance and Muscle Metabolism During Maximal Intensity exercise in Humans. Am. J. Physiol. 271.

C. P. Earnest, et al. (1995): The Effect of Creatine Monohydrate Ingestion on Anaerobic Power Indices, Muscular Strength, and Body Composition. Acta Physiol. Scand. 153: 207-209.

P.L. Greenhaff, et al. (1993): The Influence of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Muscle Phosphocreatine Resynthesis Following Intense Contraction in Man. J. Physiol. 467: 75P.

P.L. Greenhaff, et al. (1993): Influence of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Muscle Torque During Repeated Bouts of Maximal Voluntary Exercise in Man. Clin. Sci. 84: 565-571.

R.B. Kreider, et al. (1996): Effects of ingesting Supplements Designed to Promote Lean Tissue Accretion on Body Composition During Resistance Training. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 6.3: 234-246.

J.R. Stout, et al. (1997): The effects of a Supplement Designed to Augment Creatine Uptake on Anaerobic Reserve Capacity (NSCA National Conference Abstract).

Bucci L., Hickson J.F., Pivarnik J.M. et al. (1990): Ornithine ingestion and growth hormone release in body-builders, Nutrition Research 10, 239-45.

Carlson H.E., Miglietta J.T., Roginsky M.S. et al. (1989): Stimulation of pituitary hormone secretion by neuro-transmitter amino acids in humans, Metabolism 28, 1179-82.

Isidori A., Lo Monaco A., Cappa M. (1981): A study of growth hormone release in man after oral administration of amino acids, Current Medical Research Opinion 74, 75-81.

Visser J.J., Hoekman K. (1994): Arginine supplementation in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, Med Hypotheses Nov 43: 5 339-42.